G8/G20 YouthPosted: June 11, 2010
Great Opportunities for YouthPosted: June 9, 2010Summer is quickly approaching, and so are the deadlines to take part in some great events! There are opportunities for Roots & Shoots members to be a part of the UN Climate Change Meeting, Leadership Camps and more!! Learn More
Speak for the Trees in VancouverPosted: June 1, 2010
Roots & Shoots at Camp MakwaPosted: May 31, 2010
Singapore Roots & Shoots group visits TorontoPosted: May 26, 2010
Animal Emotions and Why They Matter with Dr. Marc BekoffPosted: May 12, 2010When: Sunday, May 16 ~ 4pm Where: Hart House- Music Room, University of Toronto Cost: $8 ($5 for students) pay at the door
Stop the Trophy Hunt of Bears in BCUpdated: April 28, 2010Take immediate action, to stop the trophy hunt of bears in BC! Disappointingly, the trophy hunt for bears in BC was not halted this April, and continues this spring until July. This hunt is one that makes no sense economically, ecologically, or politically, as the killing of grizzly bears and black Kermode bears on the BC coast will seriously threaten the future of the spirit bear. Get your voice heard and sign the Faltering Light Petition, write to the BC Premier, and spread the word to stop the hunt!
You can read the story here. Spread the word to your family and friends! Learn more about the spirit bear and our Planet Releaf letter writing campaign. Planet Releaf Youth Action Workshop: Speak for the TreesPosted: April 19, 2010Our first Speak for the Trees workshop took place on April 8, 2010 in Toronto. Dedicated Roots & Shoots members came out for a full day of learning about important global forest issues, and then took action (in the rain!) to become better forest stewards. Read all the details!
YLC Making an ImpactPosted: April 15, 2010The Roots & Shoots Youth Leadership Council (YLC) has been very busy making positive change!
The YLC is enthusiastic and excited about sharing their experiences and ideas with other Roots & Shoots groups and individuals! Don't be shy to contact them if you are looking for inspiration!
Roots is supporting Jane Goodall's Roots & ShootsPosted: April 13, 2010
Planet Releaf Launch Event - Feb. 26, 2010Updated: March 5, 2010
Youth Accord on BiodiversityUpdated: February 23, 2010
Messages of Hope for HaitiUpdate: February 22, 2010Dear Roots & Shootsers,
Posted: February 1, 2010
New Aboriginal Program CoordinatorPosted: January 26, 2010In April 2009, Dr. Goodall and Phil Fontaine (former National Chief Assembly of First Nations) announced a partnership with the goal of introducing Roots & Shoots programs to Aboriginal communities across Canada.
The main goals of the project are to establish the relevance of Roots & Shoots as a tool to empower Aboriginal youth to make change in their own communities, and to provide a vehicle for Aboriginal youth to become more connected to their land, communities and cultural identity. Megan Schellenberg, a First Nations woman from the Nippising area, comes to us from a recent contract position at the National Aboriginal Health Organization (NAHO) in Ottawa, Ontario, where her responsibilities included youth engagement, research, and establishing strong relationships with many First Nations, Inuit and Métis communities. Her experiences include, managing a national suicide prevention program for Aboriginal youth, epresenting First Nations youth on a national advisory committee on mental health, participating in sweat lodge ceremonies, and exploring the beliefs and values through the Odawa Friendship Centre and their community groups. New Youth Leadership Council (YLC) Recruited!Posted: January 19, 2010
Montreal group wins forest campaign naming contestPosted: November 2, 2009
Name the Baby Gorilla ContestPosted: October 8, 2009
10th Annual Roots & Shoots Conference at Science NorthPosted: September 28, 2009
|
This year's TD Great Canadian Shoreline Cleanup took place September 19-27. As part of Project Blue, the 2009 water campaign, Roots & Shoots organized a succesful cleanup in Toronto. A big thanks goes out, not only to those who came out to the cleanup, but also to everyone who got involved all over the country! On September 25, over 80 people came to the Humber Bay Shoreline. Together we collected 495 pounds of litter! Dr. Jane Goodall was also there to witness and speak of how our collective efforts can and are contributing to positive change. Thank you to our partners and friends for all their support! Visit this page for details of the event! You can find our photos here. Did you organize a cleanup in your community? Please don't forget to tell us about it by sharing your story in the online Project Database. |
![]() |
Peace Day
Posted: September 21, 2009
Thank you to all our friends who came from all over southern Ontario to celebrate a wonderful Peace Day! The Roots & Shoots celebration took place Sunday, September 20 at Story Book Farm Primate Sanctuary in Sunderland. Throughout the day we were privileged to meet many of the sanctuary primates and learn from our speakers and guests. Read more about our celebrations here! Check out our photos on Facebook! Visit this page for more info about Peace Day. Did you organize an event for Peace Day? Tell us about it! |
Youth 4 Action Workshop in Montreal
Posted:September 18, 2009
|
In collaboration with Apathy is Boring and Concordia University, Roots & Shoots hosted a Youth 4 Action workshop in Montreal, September 11. The workshop took place at the School of Community and Public Affairs at Concordia University. The workshop featured a performance by Nantali a.k.a Iam BlackGirl of Nomadic Massive, and workshops by Rights and Democracy Network, Apathy is Boring, HipHopNoPop, Katimavik, and Equal Voices. The event was a great success! Thanks to everyone who participated! |
Teens with Big Ideas Win Big Adventures with Polar Bears Int'l
Posted: June 17, 2009
![]() |
Roots & Shoots groups are invited to compete in the at-large category of Polar Bears International's Project Polar Bear Contest, a way for small groups of teens to make a big difference. The contest challenges teens to find ways to cut carbon emissions in their communities. Last year's winners tried remarkable ideas like goat-mowing patrols along with why-didn't-I-think-of-that gems like a website that collects carbon-reduction pledges. Together they reduced the annual carbon footprint in their communities by over 17 million pounds! Create your team and sign up soon: contest registration runs through July 31, 2009. (And don't forget to identify yourselves as Roots & Shoots members!) |
The Grand Prize winners will be rewarded with a trip to Western Hudson Bay to see polar bears in the wild, as well as a trip to San Diego for the Awards Ceremony and other prizes, including VIP tours of the San Diego Zoo and Sea World San Diego. Finalist teams will win a trip to San Diego for the Awards Ceremony and other prizes, including VIP tours of the San Diego Zoo and Sea World San Diego. Prizes also include green cash (and, yes, it's recyclable but we mean the color). Photo: The Oregon Zoo's Green Teens show off their “Don't Be Idle Campaign,” a school-district-wide effort that motivated parents to turn engines off while waiting in carpool lines. |
![]() |
Special Reserved Seating for Roots & Shoots Groups at WE DAY
Posted: June 1, 2009
![]() |
Free The Children’s We Day is right around the corner, taking place in Vancouver (Sept 29) and Toronto (Oct 5). We Day features inspirational and motivational speeches and performances by leading activists, speakers and entertainers, including Jane Goodall and His Holiness the Dalai Lama in Vancouver, and Natalie Portman and Robert Kennedy Jr. in Toronto. We Day is an annual celebration of the power of young people to change the world. After the event, students return to their schools to take action on important local and global issues they care about. Visit We Day for details. |
The events are already sold out... but not for Roots & Shoots members!
ALREADY A ROOTS & SHOOTS MEMBER Send us an email with your group details, including:
Then submit your latest water project in the online Project Database by December 31st |
NOT YET A ROOTS & SHOOTS MEMBER Register online for Roots & Shoots Send us an email with your group details, including:
Then submit your latest water project in the online Project Database by December 31st |
Check out the Project Blue website for water project ideas.
Don’t miss out on this incredible opportunity!
Roots & Shoots Calls on Members to Join Kraft Letter Campaign
Posted: May 27, 2009
We need your help to stop the exploitation of chimpanzees in the entertainment industry!
JGI Canada has sent a letter to Kraft Canada and we're calling on Roots & Shoots members to do the same. Use our letter template to write to Kim McMiller at Kraft, asking to remove Kraft's television ad for Kraft Dinner crackers, featuring a very young chimpanzee dressed in clothing and “grinning”. Did you know that the “chimpanzee grin,” which we so often see on TV, is actually a fear-response? Live chimps and other great apes are frequently used in the entertainment industry because they are so like us. But this practice is inappropriate and often cruel. Tragically, chimps in entertainment are separated from their mothers as infants, which is psychologically and socially damaging to both mother and infant. These infants never learn to interact with members of the same species and are often mistreated in training. |
![]() |
As they reach adolescence, chimpanzees become too dangerous and strong to handle, and many end up in roadside zoos, in medical testing facilities or being quietly euthanized.
Studies suggest that when audiences see chimps in ads, on TV or in movies, they assume chimpanzees are not endangered in the wild. But they are. Like all great apes, their numbers are rapidly decreasing.
At a time when protecting great apes and their habitat is more important than ever, can we really afford such a misconception?
That’s why we need your help - join the Jane Goodall Institute of Canada in telling Kraft that the use of chimpanzees in advertising must be stopped! Send your letters today!
Roots & Shoots and JGI Take Part in Green Living Show
Posted: April 27, 2009
From April 24-26 Roots & Shoots and JGI hosted a booth at the Green Living Show at the Direct Energy Centre in Toronto. The show featured the latest green products and services from hundreds of exhibitors and a huge Natural Playground in the Kids Zone. Roots & Shoots Youth Leadership Council members performed skits in the Kids Zone several times each day, educating viewers about water conservation. We'd like to thank the volunteers and Council members who made our second year at the Green Living Show a success! |
Hundreds of Youth Assemble for Ottawa & Toronto Conferences
Posted: April 20, 2009
Roots & Shoots hosted two "Youth 4 Action" workshops in April. Approximately 150 high-school-aged youth participated in each event, along with a team of amazing facilitators and volunteers. After a keynote speech by Jane Goodall, students took part in two interactive workshops. The morning focused on learning about issues, while the afternoon involved turning knowledge into action. A big thanks goes out to everyone who made these two events such a huge success! Visit the event pages for photos and more: OttawaToronto |
|
|
Roots & Shoots Launches Partnership with Roots CanadaPosted: April 17, 2009"Roots Cares" was officially launched Friday April 17 at the flagship Roots store on Bloor st. in Toronto. Designed by a committee of Roots staff from across Canada, the Roots Cares program will see employees raising funds and providing volunteer time to help support Roots & Shoots throughout the country. Roots employees will also be directly engaged in initiating and contributing to projects that address issues in their own communities. To connect with a Roots store in your area, send your group name to naomi@janegoodall.ca |
There are already two First Nations communities in Canada involved in Roots & Shoots – Beecher Bay and T’sou’ke, both in British Columbia. The AFN and JGI will work to expand the program to other interested First Nation communities across the country.
When Chief Fontaine first heard about Roots & Shoots, he thought it was a "perfect fit for First Nations". “More than half our people are under the age of 25" he stated, "and they are a tremendous source of energy, innovation and ideas".
The partnership stems from a meeting with the Chief Fontaine, Dr. Keith Martin, MP (Esquimalt-Juan de Fuca) and Roots & Shoots staff in September 2008.
Watch the news conference here.
Roots & Shoots Celebrates Dr. Jane's 75th Birthday!
Posted: April 3, 2009
April 3, 2009 is Jane Goodall's 75th Birthday! Jane will be celebrating at a party in Toronto on April 17th and we're compiling a giant birthday scrapbook to present to her. If you'd like to send Jane a personalized birthday greeting to be included in the scrapbook, create a one-page message and email it to us before Monday April 13. Your message could include a poem, a picture, or simply a happy birthday! And if you haven't done so already, you can also send Jane an online "e-hoot". |
World Water Day
Posted: March 22, 2009
Roots & Shootsers and Rotarians in Toronto and Vancouver came together on World Water Day (March 22) to watch the film Blue Gold: World Water Wars and learn about the global water crisis. The film is based on the book Blue Gold by Maude Barlow and Tony Clarke. Tony was at the Toronto screening to give a short talk and take questions from the audience after the film. Visit the Project Blue website for more details! |
|
Youth Council Member Volunteers in Uganda
Posted: February 2009
![]() |
From February - April, 2009, Shannon Trebilcock is volunteering for JGI Uganda! Shannon is a member of the first Roots & Shoots Youth Leadership Council, and plans to attend graduate school for primate conservation. Read Shannon's bio. Shannon is working on a variety of projects. During the month of February, she'll help to expand and promote JGI Uganda's "No Plastic Bags" campaign, traveling to schools and supermarkets to raise awareness about the negative impact of plastic bags on the environment. |
She'll also be working with local Roots & Shoots groups, learning how the program operates in Uganda and developing animal conservation factsheets to distribute to schools and groups.
Come March 1st, Shannon will move to Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary to help care for the chimpanzees. She's extremly excited about this opportunity, since she's never even seen a live chimpanzee!
Be sure to visit Shannon's blog to follow her adventures!
Roots & Shoots Canada Launches New Campaign:
Visit the website to learn more about our 2009 national water campaign!
On the Project Blue website, you can:
- Get informed using the water fact sheets
- Get to work on water issues using the sample projects
- Fundraise for "Drop of Hope" by selling reusable water bottles - 100% of the profits will help provide clean water to Tanzanian schoolchildren
- Receive recognition for your water projects and be entered into a draw to win a flip camera for your Roots & Shoots group
So what are you waiting for? Visit Project Blue today!
A Tribute to Gregoire, 1942-2008
Posted: December 18, 2008
Gregoire was the oldest-known chimpanzee living in Africa and a dear friend of the entire JGI family. He was approximately 66 years old when
he died peacefully in his sleep on December 17th at JGI’s Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Center, alongside his long-time companion Clara.
To read more and to watch a video, visit JGI Canada's Institute News.
Roots & Shoots ConferenceNovember 18-19, 2008 |
![]() |
The 9th Annual Roots & Shoots Conference took place November 18th and 19th at Science North. Elementary and secondary school students and teachers from Sudbury and the surrounding areas took part in interactive workshops and created action plans. Participants heard two brilliant keynote speakers: Marc Kielburger (English) and Jerry Clout (French). Visit the Science North website for more details. Thank you to Franco and the entire Science North staff for making this such a great event! Pictures from the conference are now available on Facebook! |
Jane Goodall in Vancouver
Posted: October 31, 2008
From October 29 - 30 Jane Goodall kept busy in Vancouver, BC! Wednesday morning she was a panelist alongside three others at a panel discussion at York House School. Thursday evening, she gave a lecture at the Centre for Performing Arts, inspiring the audience with her reasons for hope. Visit this link to pick up your photos with Jane. |
Thursday morning she attended a Roots & Shoots gathering at Science World. Fifteen groups from the Vancouver area attended, ranging widely in age, size and the types of projects they're undertaking. Each group had the chance to present their work to Jane and connect with other groups. Jane was clearly impressed, and we're so proud that Canadian groups are doing such incredible work for the human, animal, and ecological communities! A big THANK YOU goes out to all the Roots & Shoots groups who attended and to the Science World staff for hosting such a great event! Check out photos from the event on Flickr and Facebook, taken by our awesome volunteers - Catalin and Michelle. |
![]() |
Peace Day
Peace Day 2008 was a Huge Success!
On Sunday September 21st, There were peace day celebrations taking place all over the world! Roots & Shoots Canada organized a peace day celebration at Hart House Circle at the University of Toronto. Roots & Shoots members and friends came out to build giant peace doves, listen to speeches, and march to Queen's Park, to raise awareness about peace. Visit this page for more information about Peace Day. |
![]() |
The Children’s Museum, Kitchener-Waterloo
Posted: May 12, 2008
Prior to Dr. Jane Goodall's lecture the evening of May 12th at the Centre in the Square,* Dr. Goodall spoke to cheering crowds at a press conference at the Children's Museum in Kitchener-Waterloo.
The Children’s Museum in Waterloo was alive with energy when Dr. Jane Goodall arrived to deliver a press conference. |
Dr. Goodall came specifically to speak to local Roots & Shoots groups, educate the audience about the Roots & Shoots Program and experience the unique CHIMPS exhibit about her life’s work. She explained to the audience how Roots & Shoots has spread to over 90 countries in the world and how their projects are creating real change. She informed them of her Reasons for Hope, one of them being the power of youth – the future leaders of our human community. |
![]() |
To her surprise, at the end of the conference, a number of Roots & Shoots youth surprised Dr. Goodall by putting together and flying a peace dove in her honour. The Peace Dove is the symbol of hope and international peace. Around the globe, Roots & Shoots groups are known for flying them on UN International Peace Day and Roots & Shoots International Peace Day (Sept 21/08). -Izzy Hirji, R&S Member- |

To see a past lecture of Dr Jane Goodall's Reason for Hope visit:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3FEWKdIvcA
For more on the press conference click here!
*This lecture was presented by The Children's Museum as the culmination
of their hosting of the Jane Goodall Exhibit at the museum ending May 25.
Congratulations Heritage Roots & Shoots Environmental Club!
Posted: April 2008
A big congratulations goes out to Colleen Carter, Heritage Regional High School, and the Heritage Roots & Shoots Environmental Club for garnering Earth School Status! The award was presented by the SEEDS Foundation to recognize the club's completion of over 1,000 environmental projects. Heritage High School is the first school in Quebec to achieve Earth School Status! Well done! For more information about the Heritage Roots & Shoots Environmental Club and its projects, check out their website. |
![]() |
JGI Canada at the Green Living Show
Posted: April 25th – 27th
The second annual Green Living Show took place in Toronto at the Direct Energy Centre. JGI Canada was there, with the help of some Roots & Shoots members, to promote youth action and green living!
Vendors at the show were selling everything from eco-friendly clothing and food to the most energy efficient home upgrades. JGI’s booth was located in the Kids Zone where the Toronto Heschel School Roots & Shoots group helped demonstrate what Roots & Shoots is all about! Our other Roots & Shoots volunteers engaged kids in games and activities to promote conservation awareness, and encouraged kids to tell us what they plan to do to for the environment! |
![]() |
![]() |
The show was a great success, and JGI Canada would like to thank our volunteers for their hard work! We would also like to thank Deborah Powell for creating airbrush tattoos of the chimpanzees in our Chimp Guardian program and Carol Mair for donating biodegradable balloons. For a copy of the green cleaning sheet that was distributed at the show, click here. |
Inaugural Jane Goodall Institute Global Youth Summit
Posted: April 19-25 2008
One hundred of the top youth leaders from around the world gathered in Walt Disney World Florida to attend the first Jane Goodall Institute Global Youth Summit: Protecting Our Future.
The goal of the summit was to equip outstanding young people with strong leadership skills and provide them with an opportunity to explore how each individual can make a difference in protecting our planet. The summit included participation by Dr. Jane Goodall herself.

Throughout the week, participants examined the relationship between the environment, water, poverty, and wildlife conservation by attending workshops, panels, and roundtable discussions, listening to a diversity of speakers, and devising action plans.
The Summit also provided an opportunity for participants to share stories about the projects they are working on in their communities, develop new tools to effectively implement future projects, gain first-hand insight on complex global issues, and form relationships that will strengthen the global network of youth working together to effect change.
Read an article published in the Guelph Mercury by Canadian participant, Anna Bishop. Read a report by Canadian participant, Julia Coburn. For more information about the Summit go to the website. Check out the awesome Public Service Announcements (PSAs) created by delegates for Earth Day 2008. The videos created by Canadian delegates are featured on our Ideas & Inspiration page. |
Youth get in on the Action at Roots & Shoots Workshop!
Posted: April 8, 2008
Vancouver high school students and community experts participated in a Youth for Action Workshop.
Workshops explored topics as diverse as how to green your school, how eating habits can affect climate change, and how to combat apathy. Click here to download descriptions of each session.
In each workshop, participants created "zines" that outlined the issues and explained the actions required to address each issue. Take a look at all the super creative Zines on Facebook!
Thank you to Science World for their enthusiasm in hosting this dynamic event and to all who joined us to create change in Vancouver.
- Check out what youth are planning and get involved with their action plans through Dream Now!
- Get in on the action and sign yourself up for Roots & Shoots!
- Got a great idea on how to plan your own workshop? Email us or send a message to our Roots An Shoots Facebook profile. YOU can get in on the action!
Roots & Shoots staff, volunteers, facilitators and participants in the Youth for Action workshop would like to extend a big GREEN thank you to TD FEF for their generous donation!
Also....thank you to the stellar workshop facilitators at:
David Suzuki Foundation
International Centre for Sustainable Cities
Agents of Change
Earthsave Canada
Check Your Head
Living Oceans Society
Healing Our Spirit
LoveGlobal
Interconnections at the Making Connections:
Roots & Shoots gathering
Posted: February 2008
Roots & Shoots members from Southern Ontario participated in workshops and explored Jane Goodall's remarkable work at Gombe through the Discovering Chimpanzee exhibit. Challenge highlights included high school youth spreading the word through mock-ads and creative solutions to bush meat and habitat crises.
Check out snapshots from the gathering and get inspired on project ideas from these workshop handouts!
Preview the exhibit and get directions to the The Children's Museum where the exhibit is on until May 25th
| Eco Chess workshop with John F. Ross | Senarijoke & Etobicoke West |
2008 Jane Goodall Youth Leadership Award
Deadline: February 15, 2008
Be rewarded for your skillful leadership in making a difference for people, animals and the environment!
The Jane Goodall Global Leadership Awards honour organisations and individuals who share Dr. Jane’s values, vision and commitment to making a positive difference in the world for all living things. The awards are given in the categories of Youth Leadership, Excellence in Public Policy, Global Leadership, Corporate Social Responsibility and Responsible Activism in Media and Entertainment.
The Youth Leadership Award recognizes an individual aged 14 to 24 who exhibits leadership and excellence through his or her work to help preserve our natural world, protect animals or benefit our human community. We encourage you to nominate individuals who meet this description!
Last year’s winner, Chase Pickering, embodies Dr. Jane’s most cherished ideal—that each of us, every day, can choose to make a difference.
As the 2006-2007 Roots & Shoots Youth Leadership Fellow Chase initiated and led a Roots & Shoots fundraising and awareness campaign, which collected more than $50,000 (USD) for a new dormitory at the Jane Goodall Institute’s Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Center in the Republic of Congo. The sanctuary—Africa’s largest ape sanctuary—cares for young chimpanzees that have been orphaned as a result of the illegal commercial bushmeat trade.
“Roots & Shoots has given me the opportunity not only to follow a passion for working with people, animals and the environment, but it has allowed me to live a dream,” says Chase. “This program is truly changing lives, one person, one creature and one place at a time.”
This year’s winner will receive his or her award from Dr. Jane Goodall, in person, at the Jane Goodall Institute’s Award Celebration in Washington D.C. on November 7th 2008.
Guidelines
1. Nominations should be submitted by an adult who is closely acquainted with the nominee.
2. To submit a nomination, please complete the Nominator portion of the Nomination Form.
3. Instruct the nominee you have chosen to complete the Nominee portion of the Nomination Form.
4. Submit both the Nominator and Nominee portions of the Nomination Form TOGETHER
5. All nominations must be received by 5 PM EST, on February 15th 2008 .
6. Nominees must be a registered member of Roots & Shoots.
*The Jane Goodall Youth Leadership Award recipient will be announced to all participants by 5 PM EST on March 14th 2008 via the contact information provided on the Nomination Form. All necessary transportation and lodging for the award celebration will be provided by the Jane Goodall Institute.
Youth take Action for Success !
Saskatoon - September 13, 2007
As part of her visit to Canada Dr. Jane Goodall gathered with over 300 youth and community experts in Saskatoon to take action for positive change. Headlines flashed across posters proclaiming "Electro-magnetic train makes 1st voyage!" "Car free communities: Pretty Sweet"... hey, when you've got the power of youth on your side, anything's possible for the future!
A day of exploring topics such as factory farming, peace & conflict, and sustainable travel left Saskatoon youth feeling empowered, and more than ready to take their action plans to the street. As one student said "I learned a lot... I will remember what Jane Goodall said about achieving your goals. I will remember her words of hope and will do my best to change the world and people's ideas about climate change. I will acheive my goals." Power to the prairies!
![]() |
![]() |
| Dr. Jane Goodall welcomes delegates | Prairie Ecology workshop poster |
Special thanks to the College of Arts & Science at the University of Saskatchewan (UofS) and to facilitators from so many community groups!
| AIDS Saskatoon | Grasslands National Park | Sierra Youth Coalition |
| Beyond Factory Farming | Meewasin Valley Authority | UofS Extension Division & CCDE |
| Brightwater Center | Mendel Art Gallery | UofS Veterinary School |
| CHEP Good Food Inc. | RoadMap 2020 | Urban Sprawl at UofS |
| Communities for Children | Saskatoon Zoo Society | Various other dynamic individuals! |
| Footprint Design | Saskatoon Community Youth Art Project |



























































